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Nairobi est la capitale et la plus grande ville du Kenya. En 2020, elle compte 4 734 881 habitants.

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Elle est située au sud du centre agricole du pays, à 143 km au sud de l'équateur, à 503 km à l'est-sud-est de Kampala, à 557 km au nord-nord-est de Dodoma et à 1 166 km au sud d'Addis Abeba. Son altitude s'étend de 1 660 à 1 800 mètres. Par ailleurs, l'extension géographique de la ville est de 150 km2.

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La ville est soumise à un climat tempéré des hautes terres au borde d'un climat tropical de savane (Köppen: Cwb/Aw, Trewartha: Cwbl/Awbl) avec températures agréables tout au long de l'année.

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Nairobi est l'une des plus grandes villes d'Afrique avec 5 541 000 habitants au recensement de 2024. Elle connait une forte croissance démographique depuis les années 1960. Sa population est passée d'environ 500 000 habitants en 1969, à plus de 2 millions en 1999. Les projections démographiques prévoient 8,5 millions d'habitants en 2035. L'accroissement de la population de Nairobi a longtemps été dû à l'exode rural, mais aujourd'hui[Quand ?], la croissance naturelle de la population en est le principal moteur[réf. nécessaire].

","

Depuis 1931, l'évolution démographique de Nairobi a été :

","

La majeure partie de cette population urbaine en rapide augmentation ne trouve pas de logement adéquat, en raison tout d'abord de l'importance de l'urbanisation, et d'autre part parce que, d'une façon générale, les pays connaissant cette urbanisation galopante sont parmi les moins préparés et les moins aptes à absorber cette croissance urbaine. Cela se traduit par le développement anarchique de zones d'habitations informelles sous forme de bidonvilles, tel le quartier de Dagoretti.

","

Dandora est sans doute une des plus grandes décharges d'Afrique, ouverte en 1977 et déjà dépassée, au milieu de bidonvilles, et qui désormais les menace[réf. nécessaire].

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En ce qui concerne le secteur économique et professionnel de Nairobi, 86,3 % de la population entre 15 et 64 ans est économiquement active. Parmi cette population active, 29,3 % travaille pour le secteur formel, qui est d'ailleurs en léger déclin. Cependant, la majorité de la population de Nairobi tire son revenu des activités économiques informelles. Le secteur informel emploie une grande partie des pauvres de la ville, et il crée plus d'emplois que le secteur formel. Alors que le secteur formel a décliné de 0,43 % entre 1998 et 2001, le secteur informel a, lui, augmenté de 176 % pendant la même période. Une partie importante de l'économie informelle est constituée de la vente de produits fermiers ou manufacturés importés par les femmes, principalement.

","

D'une façon générale, le secteur informel contribue de façon importante à l'économie de la ville, avec des liens forts avec le secteur formel. Ce secteur informel présente plusieurs avantages par rapport au formel : il ne dépend pas nécessairement d'investissement public direct et utilise des techniques effectivement disponibles dans les quartiers où il se développe. Cependant, malgré la croissance importante de ce secteur, le chômage reste un problème de taille à Nairobi. Cette situation entraîne une grande pauvreté à Nairobi, comme au Kenya en général : 42 % de la population du pays vit en dessous du seuil de pauvreté et 23 % de la population vit avec moins de 1 dollar US par jour.

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On y trouve aussi le siège du Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement (PNUE).

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La pollution plastique a pris des proportions considérables au Kenya. À elle seule, Nairobi rejette près de 500 tonnes de ces déchets chaque jour, selon les données de 2021. Une partie des déchets finit dans les intestins du bétail, à la surface des rivières ou dans les canalisations, provoquant des inondations en période de pluies.

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Nairobi en tant que ville doit son existence à la compagnie de chemin de fer Kenya Uganda Railway, reliant l'Ouganda et le Kenya. La ligne atteignit Nairobi en 1899 et l'ingénieur en chef, Sir George Whitehouse prit la décision de déplacer le siège de la compagnie de Mombasa à Nairobi. Cette décision fit très vite de Nairobi un nœud commercial et d'affaires du protectorat de l'Afrique orientale britannique de l'époque. Elle fut totalement reconstruite au début des années 1900 après l'arrivée de la peste et un grand incendie.

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Nairobi devint la capitale de l'Afrique orientale britannique en 1905, puis de la colonie et protectorat du Kenya en 1919, du royaume du Commonwealth du Kenya en 1963 et, enfin, de la république du Kenya en 1964.

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Son nom vient de Enkare Nyirobi signifiant en langue maa « l'endroit de l'eau fraiche ».\nElle est aussi surnommée Green City in the Sun, c'est-à-dire « Ville verte sous le soleil ».

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L’université de Nairobi a été fondée en 1956.

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Parmi les lieux de culte, il y a principalement des églises et des temples chrétiens : Archidiocèse de Nairobi (Église catholique), Anglican Church of Kenya (Communion anglicane), Presbyterian Church of East Africa (Communion mondiale d'Églises réformées), Convention baptiste du Kenya (Église adventiste du septième jour) (Alliance baptiste mondiale), Assemblées de Dieu. Il y a aussi des mosquées musulmanes.

"],"sections":[]},{"title":"Pauvreté","anchor":"Pauvreté","href":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi#Pauvreté","lang":"fr","local":true,"level":2,"blocks":[{"images":[{"file":"Living in city.jpg","aspect":1.3333}],"caption":"Vaches et véhicules à moteur se côtoient."},"

Environ 2 millions de personnes, soit la moitié des habitants de Nairobi, vivent dans des bidonvilles. Ces derniers n'occupent que 5 % de la partie résidentielle de la ville. Les conditions de vie y sont difficiles : peu d’accès à l’eau potable et aux soins de santé, mauvaises conditions sanitaires et menaces constantes d’évictions. Ainsi, en octobre 2021, le bidonville de Mukuru Kwa Njenga a été rasé pour permettre l’élargissement d’une route, laissant 40 000 personnes sans-abris du jour au lendemain.

"],"sections":[]},{"title":"Transports","anchor":"Transports","href":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi#Transports","lang":"fr","local":true,"level":2,"blocks":["

Deux routes transafricaines traversent Nairobi:

","","

La ville est reliée par le transport aérien avec l'aéroport international Jomo-Kenyatta.

"],"sections":[]},{"title":"Parcs","anchor":"Parcs","href":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi#Parcs","lang":"fr","local":true,"level":2,"blocks":["

Nairobi abrite une réserve naturelle protégée, le parc national de Nairobi, à l'intérieur même de ses frontières. De plus, c'est la capitale qui possède le plus d'espèces d'oiseaux au monde.

"],"sections":[]},{"title":"Sports","anchor":"Sports","href":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi#Sports","lang":"fr","local":true,"level":2,"blocks":["

La ville accueille le marathon de Nairobi depuis 2003.

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Au Kenya, la guerre sans fin contre la pollution plastique », sur LExpress.fr, L'Express, 7 novembre 2021."},"origin":{"from":"html"}}]},{"number":6,"lang":"fr","citations":[{"citation":{"kind":"text","html":"Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 303"},"origin":{"from":"html"}}]},{"number":7,"lang":"fr","citations":[{"citation":{"kind":"text","html":"Britannica, Nairobi, britannica.com, USA, consulté le 4 août 2019"},"origin":{"from":"html"}}]},{"number":8,"lang":"fr","citations":[{"citation":{"kind":"text","html":"J. 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